A Picture Of The Gulag Labor Camps - 916 Words

â€Å"In keeping silent about evil, in burying it so deep within us that no sign of it appears on the surface, we are implanting it, and it will rise up a thousand fold in the future. When we neither punish nor reproach evildoers, we are not simply protecting their trivial old age, we are thereby ripping the foundations of justice from beneath new generations.† Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn said in his impactful narrative that paints a picture of the Gulag labor camps in Soviet Russia through personal experience, eyewitness testimony and interviews, and primary research material. Solzhenitsyn is describing the silence that survivors of the Gulag were forced to exhibit after staring terror and fear directly in the face during their time in the Gulag. The silence Solzhenitsyn is describing, is claimed to be one of the reason the Gulag is often not given the attention in history books and in the forefront of our minds that the Gulag deserves. The Gulag is believed to be one of the most horrible and inhuman acts of the 20th century, yet western society tends to shy away from mentioning the Gulag when discussing tragedy. This paper will examine historians’ views on the Gulag and why it has been overlooked in history as the horrible tragedy it was and the impact that this silence has had, not only on the survivors, but also the impact it has had on Russia and its society as a whole. II. Topic The Gulag translates from Russian to mean â€Å"main camp administration.† The Gulag was a governmentShow MoreRelatedJoseph Stalin Genocide1421 Words   |  6 PagesJoseph Stalin’s Genocide: 50 Million Deaths From 1919 to 1953 when Stalin died about 50 million lives were taken in the Gulags of Russia (â€Å"Videofact†). In total there were 53 Gulags and 423 labor camps (â€Å"Gulag†).   Stalin was considered one of the most feared dictators because of his secret police and the Gulags. During a series of interviews in 1996, a Soviet veteran who lived in Minsk claimed to have seen a U.S. POW in May or June 1953. The POW was a Korean War F-86D pilot whose plane had beenRead MoreThe Soviet Prison Labor Camp System1251 Words   |  6 PagesSolzhenitsyn envisioned and captured the persona of the Soviet prison labor camp system by describing as a chain of hidden islands amongst the USSR landscape. Solzhenitsyn sees himself lifting the shroud that the Soviet regime tried to hide the gulags behind by telling his story of his time in the gulags. Reading his book gave the reader the sense of reading a forbidden text, something surrounded in secrecy. Solzhenitsyn develops themes thro ughout the book. These fetid and morbid â€Å"islands† wouldRead MoreBetween the Shades of Gray by Ruta Sepetys1486 Words   |  6 Pages Ruta Sepetys is the author for Between the Shades of Gray, a novel that captures the truth of Siberian camps and the annexation of the Balkans by Stalin. Ruta Sepetys got the idea to write this fictional story when she visited her family in Lithuania and got the chance to discover more about her heritage. She got very fascinated about her family’s struggle to keep memories of her grandparents because of the annexation of Lithuania to the USSR. This conflict urged her to find out more about theRead MoreStalin and His Creation of a Gulag1548 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the most brutal mistakes made by Stalin was the creation of a GULAG. It is difficult to give a precise characterization of its purpose. The aim of this work is to answer the question, â€Å"Can we generalize why certain people were able to survive the Gulag more than others?† To survive the Gulag, many prisoners had to fight with others for food, shelter, and simple medical care. Certain prisoners wen t into religious and intellectual meditations to preserve at least the appearance of intelligenceRead MoreJoseph Stalin And 1984847 Words   |  4 Pagesperished in Stalin’s â€Å"gulags†, which were hard labor camps in the cold Siberian region of Russia. (Aris). Stalin sent political opponents as well as those who opposed the teachings and rules of the communist party to these gulags, where they were bound to perish. Likewise, the police in 1984 sentenced it’s citizens to service in labor-camps for breaking rules and regulations. Winston mentions that being caught with a prostitute is one of the many ways to find yourself in a labor camp. (Orwell 65). Read MoreAnalysis Of Alexsandr Solzhenitsyn, A Russian Author With Personal Experience Of Labor Camp Conditions1478 Words   |  6 PagesSolzhenitsyn, a Russian author with personal experience of labor camp conditions, relates the experiences of his fellow prisoners by showing the world that humanity can be maintained in the most degrading of places. Such a theme can be observed closely in his novel One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, first published in 1962. As the title suggests, the novel is about a day in the Gulag (prison) from dawn to dusk from Ivan’s perspective. The Gulag is designed to strip the Zeks of their individual identitiesRead MoreThe Soviet Russian And Soviet Russia1618 Words   |  7 Pagesbelieve that the comrades of Russia carry with them a reminder of what Soviet Russia was like and will truly never forget it. And for the new generation, family members will pass down stories. Famous film directors that one were either in a Siberian labor camp or were kicked out of the country will make movies. But the best way I believe for a human to never forget who they are and how far a society has come, is by books. The New York Times has named it a â€Å" Masterpiece and the most significant works everRead MoreMass Incarceration : A New Form Of Slavery Essay155 5 Words   |  7 Pagesdespite the fact that crime in the United States has declined steeply since the 1990s. Why and how did this occur? What role does Mass Incarceration play in our Society? Mass Incarceration: A New Form of Slavery in the United States The Bigger Picture In 1865, the United Sates abolished slavery with the Implementation of the 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution. While it brought a major victory to many Americans at the time, it was not without its flaws. Stating that â€Å"Neither SlaveryRead MoreThe Totalitarian Systems That Changed Lives Essay1370 Words   |  6 Pageschildren in schools are taught wrong and are lied to. As in other totalitarian systems, nobody was allowed to have his own opinion. If you said something about Stalin that was bad or didn’t reflect him in a good way, then you were sent to his labor camps or Gulags in Siberia. Basically, you were not allowed to think with your own brain. In communism, like in other totalitarian regimes, order was kept through the army and more effectively, the police. Stalin had his own secret police, the KGB. OrderRead MoreJoseph Stalin s Impact On The World1508 Words   |  7 PagesLenin recognized Stalin s potential and then later inspired him. After that, Stalin helped the Bolsheviks any way he could, including committing several robberies to raise funds. The Bolsheviks were a fraction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) which eventually split apart from the Menshevik faction. This took place at the Second Party Congress in 1903 and was ran by Vladimir Lenin. That same year, Stalin took a huge part of the communist movement. After becoming a key figure

Persuasive Essay On Reverse Racism - 968 Words

On a collage campus a student is forced to remove his confederate flag from his dorm window because other students complained about the racist history of the flag. The 18-year-old man fought for his right to keep his flag saying it wasn’t racist. Authorities retaliated until the school realized the student was black (Black Student wins fight to hang Confederate flag in dorm window). Was this Racist? Probably not because he was black but if he was white he would have been forced to remove the flag. Is this not an example of reverse racism? Reverse racism is a common problem that causes many majorities to be shamed, harmed, or hurt by minorities. White on black racism is a big thing right? Yes there a many many examples of racism caused†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Illegal entry into the country [Mexico] is equivalent to a felony punishable by two years’ imprisonment,† (How Mexico Treats Illegal Aliens). This shows an example of how in America it is considered racist to kick illegal immigrants out but in Mexico the illegal immigrants are punished for their crimes before they are sent back. â€Å"Mexico is doing the job Arizona is now doing — a job the U.S. government has failed miserably to do: putting its people first,† (How Mexico Treats Illegal Aliens). A country should put it’s own people first and one way to do that is to stop illegal outsiders from reaping the benefits of a foreign country without the proper legal permissions. When a white male calls an illegal alien a criminal he is still called racist even thought the simple fact the the ILLEGAL alien entered this country ILL EGALLY makes him a criminal immediately. The fact that many Americans want the illegals gone just proves they are a hinderance to the country and it’s people. This is not racist this is an example of a countries people wanting their rights as a citizen of that country. The people that argue against illegals are still called racist because they want what is right. This shows that a minority is over protected which gives them an advantage over the majority. How is it right to cause hardship for a citizen of America just to protect Mexicans that have entered the country illegally. America must put their rightfulShow MoreRelatedSummary OfCanadas Genocide By Michael Downey Essay1084 Words   |  5 PagesMichael Downey’s essay, â€Å"Canada’s ‘Genocide’: Thousands Taken from Their Homes Need Help† (Downey 445-448), imparts a harrowing account of the hardships and trauma induced by the controversial child apprehensions, often referred to as the â⠂¬ËœSixties Scoop.’ The essay opens with Downey’s heart-rending recount of Carla Williams’ story, detailing her first-hand experience as a subject of this abuse, who managed to survive and come out triumphant. 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Lizzie Borden Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Lizzie Borden Persuasive Essay Lizzie BordenOn a hot morning on August 4, 1892, Mr. Andrew Borden and his wife, Abby Borden, were brutally murdered. A daughter of the victims, Lizzie Borden was arrested, tried and acquitted of the crime. She was a woman of spotless character and reputation, and more than that she was educated, refined and prominently connected with the work of the Christian church in the Fall River(Gates 2). The town and the country were divided in their opinions of who could commit such horrifying murders. Many theories have been made to explain that day; the finger has been pointed in every direction- even to a Chinese Sunday school student of Lizzies. To this day people are unsure as to whether or not Lizzie brutally murdered her parents. The day started off with the usual routine. Mr. And Mrs. Borden made their way downstairs to eat breakfast a little after seven. The next to wake up was Lizzies uncle, who had shown up unannounced and without luggage the evening before so he could visit a friend in the area the next day. The day of the murder he left the house at nine thirty. Prior to that time Lizzie woke up, waited for her parents to finish eating and went downstairs herself to eat breakfast. (It had become a custom for her and her sister to avoid eating meals with their father and stepmother.) Not long after this Mrs. Borden asked the maid to wash the windows. She did as she was told and spent the rest of the day going throughout the house. Mr. Borden went out to run some errands then he came home, lay down on the couch and proceeded to take a nap. This was the last time that he was seen alive (Martins, Michael, and Binette 72.) After breakfast, Lizziewent outside to the barn to find some metal of some sort so tha t she could use it on her planned fishing trip that day. In the twenty minutes she spent in the barn her parents were murdered (Martins, Michael, and Binette 78). An autopsy was done on the dinning room table later that day which determined that Mr. Borden was sleeping when he died. The cause of death was ten blows to the head with an axe (Porter 8). Meanwhile upstairs while making the bed, Mrs. Borden was murdered with a total of 18 gaping wounds, more than one of which went through the skull (Flenn 2). Lizzie was the first to discover her fathers body. The maid, who was resting in her room in the attic, was called downstairs at 11:10 (Martins, Michael, and Binette 91). Before the maid was able to see Mr. Bordens mutilated body, Lizzie sent her across the street to the familys doctor. Finding that he wasnt home, she and the doctors wife returned to the Borden home. Meanwhile, Mrs. Churchill, the closest neighbor to the Bordens, discovered Lizzie on the back porch in great distress. She walked over to the house to console her after hearing that Mr. Borden had been murdered. She volunteered to send her handyman to find a doctor, and to help. The police station, about 400 yards away, received the message at 11:15. By 11:45 the police and Dr. Bowen were on the scene (Sullivan 16). During all the confusion, while the handyman went for help, Mrs. Borden was completely forgotten. She had left the house earlier to visit a sick friend. After Dr. Bowen asked about her Lizzie recalled hearing her return and asked the maid to go upstairs to look for her. The maid refused fearing what she might find. So with the company of Mrs. Churchill the maid agreed to scale the steps finding Mrs. Borden murdered in the guestroom (Spiering 16). Mrs. Borden was found with her head crushed in. There was a hole about 1.5 x 5.5 inches along with a scalp wound where the flesh was cut off but not separated from the head. The wound was 2 inches long by 1.5 inches wide. On the left side there were four wounds. Three of them went into the skull, one taking a piece right out of the skull. Many of the wounds crushed through to the brain. Altogether she received 18 blows to the head (Porter 19). Mr. Bordens wound count was just less than that of his wife; he only had ten. From inch in front of his ear to inch behind it his skull was crushed in (Martins, Michael, and Binette 106). One wound started at his left nasal bone and extended down through the nose, the upper and lower lip, and through the chin cutting into the bone (Porter 23). Another started just above the eye severing it completely in half and cutting the cheekbone (Porter 24). According to Mr. Harrington, a police officer questioned in court, when Mr. Bordens body was examined blood was still seeping from his wounds, and his body was warm. However, Mrs. Bordens body was cold and stiff. No blood was flowing, and it was dark and congealed (Engstrom 54). Judging form this and the stage of digestion in the stomachs o f the two bodies, Mrs. Borden died first (Flenn 5). This account of the murder day is entirely factual. The only things that can be argued are the alibis. Abby, her sister, the maid, and her uncle couldnt prove their exact whereabouts at the approximate time of the murders. Not only is this account entirely fact, it is most of the facts. No blood stained clothes, fingerprints, or murder weapon were ever found (Porter 1). This is one strong reason why Abby was acquitted. However, there are other interesting facts that took place before, the day of, and after the murders. Lizzie and her sister Emma didnt usually attend meals with their father and stepmother. This habit was created when their father, a self made man who was relatively tight with his money, bought half of his sister-in-laws house. He did this as a favor so she didnt have to sell it. He then allowed her to live in the other half. Lizzie and Emma took great offense to this and have been quoted as saying, we thought what h e did to her people (their step-mothers family) he ought to do for his own(Sullivan 217). Mr. Borden tried to make up for it by buying them their own house as well, but the damage was already done. From that point on they ate alone and addressed Abby, their mother since the age of 2, as Mrs. Borden (Lincoln 41). Another interesting event that occurred in the Borden household was the disappearance of Abbys cat. Robert Sullivan, in his research of the case, interviewed Lizzies niece: Lizzie Borden had company and my aunt had a tabby cat and the cat was trained so that it would touch the latch you know, it was sic latches in those days shed touch the latch and the door would open. So the cat went in where Lizzie was entertaining and she took it out and shut the door again, and came back so this is what she told Aunt Abby and Abby told my mother; Lizzie Borden finally excused herself and went downstairs took the cat downstairs and put the carcass on the chopping block and chopped it s head off. My aunt for days wondered where that cat was all she talked about. Finally, Lizzie said, You go downstairs and youll find your cat. My aunt did (Sullivan, 23). It takes a strange frame of mind to be able to chop a cats head off, especially for a reason that small. Assuming that was her single driving force for killing it, but perhaps Lizzie had some built up anger towards their stepmother. On the day of the murder even more interesting things happened. One is the issue of her dress. After reading the court testimony of many of the people who were in the house that day, there is somewhat of a discrepancy as to what the color and type of the dress she was wearing (Brown 2). The general consensus is that early that morning she was wearing a light blue dress which is not in her habit of wearing. She then later changed again once the house began to fill with police and neighbors into another dress (Martins, Michael, and Binette 29). In many of the sources researched, writers tend to focus on Lizzies calm and cool, attitude throughout the trial. At first this seems to make Lizzie look more and more suspicious. After reading the dialogue of the trial one might feel differently. On the day of the murders, Seabury W. Bowen was questioned. Q. Well, what is commonly called morphine? A. Yes sir. Q. The next day you changed that? A. I did not change the medicine but doubled the dose. Q. How long did she continue to have that? A. She continued to have that all the time she was in the station house. Q. After her arrest, was it not? A. And before. Q. In other words she had it all the time up to the time of her arrest, the hearing and while in the station house. A. Yes sir. Q. Does not morphine given in double doses to allay mental distress and nervous excitement somewhat affect the memory and change and alter the view of things and give people hallucinations? A. Yes sir. (Porter 212). There are innumerable theories as to how Mr. and Mrs. Borden were murdered. Som e of these have interesting and very possible twists, while others are laughable. Nearly every theory has something missing, whether it is lack of motive, opportunity, or evidence. One of the two more plausible theories is that Bridget, the maid, was the murderer. According to Radin, Bridget, ordered to wash windows on the hottest day of the year, went mad and hacked Mrs. Borden to death. She then murdered Mr. Borden in order to prevent him from reporting the hypothesized argument that Bridget had with Mrs. Borden earlier in the morning, for such a report would incriminate her (Porter 13). Unfortunately, assigning the motive of rage to Bridget is difficult, since there is no evidence that suggests that she harbored great hostility toward her employer. Was Bridget Lizzies lover, and so her rage against Mrs. Borden was fueled by Lizzies unjust treatment at the hands of her stepmother and father? There is no evidence to support this idea. Radin seems seduced by the story that Bridget, in her old age, almost confessed during an illness that she supposed was her last (Porter 28). Radins account is possible, but his hypothesis is missing a motive; Bridget never showed signs of hostility towards the Borden family. Also as for Lizzie and Bridget being lovers, that also has no strength what so ever. The next theory is that Lizzie killed her parents. Gross proposes that Lizzie did indeed murder her parents, but that she could not have brought off the crime successfully without Bridgets assistance. It was Bridget who spirited away virtually under the very noses of the police the murder weapon and the bloodstained dress. Gross suggests the possibility that Lizzie plotted the murders with Bridget. Gross is also missing a motive, but answers most of the rest of the questions: Why didnt Bridget hear 200lb Abby fall to the ground? What happened to the murder weapon? Why did Lizzie pay for Bridgets return to Ireland? This explains the mutually non-accusatory testimony of Liz zie and Bridget with respect to each other. Gross points out that only the two of them were in the house when the two-hundred-pound Abby Borden fell heavily and noisily to the floor after being struck. He finds significance in Bridgets passage being paid so that she could return to Ireland was it Lizzies part of the bargain? He also attaches importance to Bridgets almost-death-bed confession over half a century later, when Bridget was living in Butte, Montana (Porter 56). The discovery of a murder weapon, or even just a clue left by the murderer, like bloody clothes or a footprint, would be enough to lift the fog draped over this case. A concrete motive for any of the persons thought physically capable of completing the crime could also very easily seal the case, finally bringing the century old crime to a close. Endangered Species EssayBibliographyArrests To Be Made: The Inquiries by Lizzie Borden About Poison Seem Peculiar. New York Times. Saturday, August 6, 1892: 1. Brown, A. R. 1992. Lizzie Borden: The Legend, the Truth, the Final Chapter. 400 p. DellEngstrom, Elizabeth. Lizzie Borden; St. Martins Press, 1997. Flynn, Robert A. 1992. Lizzie Borden the Mysterious Axe. 30 p. King Philip Publications. Gates, David. A New Whack at the Borden Case. Newsweek, June 4, 1984: 12. Kent, David. 1992. Forty Whacks: New Evidence in the Life and Legend of Lizzie Borden. Yankee Books. Martins, Michael Dennis A. Binette. 1994. Commonwealth of Massachusetts VS. Lizzie A. Borden; The Knowlton Papers, 1892-1893 : A Collection of. 400 p. Fall River Historical Society. Porter, Edwin H. The Fall River Tragedy: A History of the Borden Murders. Fall River: Press of J.D. Munroe, 1893. Spiering, Frank. Lizzie: The Story of Lizzie Borden. Sullivan, Robert. Goodbye Lizzie Borden. Battleboro, Vermont: The Stephen Greene Press, 1974. The Trial of Lizzie Borden, with a history of the case by Edmund Pearson.

She Takes One Last Glance At Her Reflection In The Glass Door. She Pul

She takes one last glance at her reflection in the glass door. She pulls it open and slowly enters the office building. As she walks across the floor, her heels clicking on the wood panels, she tucks a stray lock of hair behind her ear. She stands, feet shoulder-width apart, the hem of her navy blue skirt brushing her knees. "Excuse me," she says to the receptionist behind the desk, "I'm here about the position." As she says this, she hurriedly makes certain that the clasp of her necklace is in the right place, and that her matching navy blue blazer is buttoned appropriately. "Please wait right over there," he says, eyeing her attire. She turns around to sit down, and her curly brown hair bounces with each step she takes towards the other waiting applicants. Now?imagine she were a he. Imagine that he was the one who pulled the glass door open and told the receptionist he was there for the position. What would be different? Would the altered perception be due to the simple fact that he is a man? Or is it more than that? In Deborah Tannen's article "Wears Jump Suit. Sensible Shoes. Uses Husbands Last Name," she suggests that women are the "marked" gender, and that this has a profound effect on the way that women are viewed. By "marked" Tannen is means that the myriad of options a woman has when it comes to her personal presentation signify to other people the kind of woman she is. A man does not have such a variety of options, so he is able to remain "unmarked." Although I believe that these options can be positive since they give a woman the chance to express her individuality, they can become a nuisance in the business realm. The assumptions that are made about a woman based upon her appearance can be bothersome, particularly when applyi ng for a business position. My personal knowledge of the business world is fairly limited due to my young age, but I have had the painful experience of an interview. Last summer I was interviewed to be an office aide for an insurance agency. I opted for a conservative beige dress with a matching jacket, instead of my usual ripped jeans and a T-shirt. And instead of wearing my hair in a ponytail, I curled my hair under and put a clip on either side of my head. "Impressions are everything," I remembered being told. (I doubt my brother ever had that drilled into him.) Sure, a man would be terribly looked down upon as well if he showed up to an interview wearing ripped jeans and a T-shirt; there are certain standards that everyone, both men and women, must uphold when applying for a job. The difference, though, is that women have a much wider range of selection when it comes to their appearances. Most men would show up to a formal interview in a pair of ironed slacks, a button-up shirt, and possibly a tie. This does not leave much room for interpretation. When a man looks in the mirror before running out the door for an interview, I imagine he does not scrutinize every last detail of his attire. He simply makes sure that he is presentable. A woman, on the other hand, inspects every article of clothing, from her shoes, to her blouse, to her earrings, to confirm that her appearance "says the right thing." The application process can be nerve-racking for anyone. But having the knowledge that an arbitrary item---such as shoes or jewelry---can be a character marker is an unneeded added pressure. A major part of the problem of being marked is that it is not supposed to be discussed. If a woman complains about her business position, and cites her femininity as one of the causes, she runs the risk of being labeled a feminist. Tannen points out that being classified a feminist has strong implications, which can be either negative or positive (Tannen, paragraph 29). I would say that labels are unfair, but that might sound like a comparative statement against men. Some may argue that men experience unfair pressures in the business world as well. If a man were

Forensic Psychology Role in the Investigation of Crime

Crime is regarded as one of the major vices in the world. Crime levels have over the years increased and caused devastating effects to people, institutions and government security agencies. The adoption of several techniques to curb such cases has been ensured. Forensic odontology, serology, criminal profiling, forensic psychology and forensic psychiatry are some of the methods (Saferstein, 2000).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Forensic Psychology Role in the Investigation of Crime specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The use of the methods majorly depends upon the complexity of the crime, nature of evidence available and level of forensic technology available (Saferstein, 2000). This paper analyses how forensic psychology plays a crucial role in the investigation of crime. It critically examines how and when the method is most appropriate as well as the efficiency and reliability. Forensic psychology has always bee n confused with other forms of psychology such as organisational, social and industrial psychology. It should be noted, however, that forensic psychology is largely skewed towards the knowledge on legal systems as opposed to the rest that concentrate on human behaviour and attitudes (Otto Heilbrun, 2002). Human behaviour and attitudes especially when found on the other side of the law is really the biggest concern for a forensic psychologist. The forensic psychologist should be well acquainted with the legal and judicial systems of a given nation (Otto Heilbrun, 2002). The constant interaction with lawyers, litigants, judges and other law professionals along the corridors of justice makes them important in the administration of justice. They act as intermediaries in the interpretation of psychological findings into legal language. Philosophical principles that govern both psychology and criminal law are of great interest to the forensic psychologist (Otto Heilbrun, 2002). In most cases forensic psychology is preceded with clinical or counseling psychology. The knowledge on forensic psychology is obtained after a considerable interaction with the legal staff. It should therefore be noted that whereas an ordinary psychologist may reason with his client, a forensic psychologist is bound by the law to ensure that the data required is presented when required by the court. Forensic psychologists are majorly found in juvenile detention facilities, jails, prisons, federal and law enforcement agencies. They are majorly tasked with the responsibility of giving testimony in a court of law (Otto Heilbrun, 2002). Forensic psychology employs the use of several techniques among them; face recognition, eye witness memory and eyewitness testimony. This technique was first applied in the 19th century. The murder case surrounding its development and application was committed in 1896 (McCardell, 2001). The case was however conclusive of the fact that it was very difficult to distinguish between what was seen at the crime scene and what was reported thereafter.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Facial recognition is one of the cognitive processes employed in crime investigation. Face recognition employs the visual sense to capture salient features such as size of the nose, color of the eyes and hair, shape of the face and color of the skin. Similar features may be shared among people but each person enjoys certain unique features. It is therefore possible to describe two persons having the same skin color on the basis of their eye colors (Melton, 2007). This information regarding a person is usually stored in the human memory for later identification. Crime suspects are usually identified through this method. Striking facial features are stored in the memories of the eye witnesses. This information is later used to identify them before they are presented be fore a court of law for trials (McCardell, 2001). It is, however, unfortunate to note that the success of face recognition is dependent on the mental condition of the eye witness and the time of exposure. A criminal whose face is exposed for a longer time may provide more facial information than that exposed for a short period. A person who suffers from schizophrenia finds himself/herself in difficulties of interpreting facial information (Melton, 2007). The effectiveness of this method is therefore uncertain. This cognitive process is a function of emotionality. Most crime scenes are characterized by fear and commotion. It is usually difficult to find genuine eye witnesses at a crime scene because most of them disappear for fear of a similar attack. Remorse, anxiety, fear and uncertainty are usual among eye witnesses. Most people do not anticipate that crimes would happen within a given locality and time (McCardell, 2001). The occurrence of criminal event usually comes as a surpris e to many, a reason that makes people unprepared for them. The evidence provided by such unsure persons may therefore be misleading. The accuracy of forensic psychology is definitely at stake once the incriminating information is incorrect. Most bank robberies have witnessed most criminals escape the arm of the law. Most eye witnesses have been put on record for placing much emphasis on the weapon used. It is common to hear that AK-rifles or pistols were used, the escape route was a particular avenue and the vehicle used was a van. The eye witness concentrates much on how the crime was executed and gives little information about the persons involved (McCardell, 2001).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Forensic Psychology Role in the Investigation of Crime specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More False conviction may therefore characterise most reported cases of crime. Other cognitive processes involved in crime investigat ion involve other mental skills such as perception, thinking and judgment. All these skills vary among people and the objectivity of such in the investigation of crimes may be compromised. The legal systems place much reliance on these processes for the execution of justice. People think, judge and act differently in situations of crime. These differences should be related to human behavior by a forensic psychologist in order to make such evidence reliable before a court of law (Otto Heilbrun, 2002). Neglect of such variations would severely affect the administration of justice. Human memory has also been found to vary, a reason that makes the legal proceedings difficult in cases where contrasting evidence is used for crime investigation. Proper conviction is dependent on correct identification of crime suspects. There are three major stages of eye witness memory (Sporer, 2006). The person who observes a crime happen registers the information into his/her memory. Face recognition p lays a crucial role in this stage. As discussed earlier, the time of observation and emotional and mental conditions affect the quality of information so obtained. It is therefore important to consider these factors before rendering such information a good recipe for legal proceedings (Sporer, 2006). A good example is illustrated. Two police officers were subjected to pilot test where they were to interview a person each. Police A subjected his client to a 60-second interview whereas police B subjected his client to a 45-second interview. The police officers were required to describe the observable features of their subjects. Police A gave a detailed explanation of his subject more than what his colleague gave. Fear and anxiety have also been known to affect the recall levels of eye witnesses (Sporer, 2006). The waiting period is also significant in forensic psychology. This is defined as the period between the collection of crime information and recalling it. It has been found that this period may affect the outcome within a legal system. Human memory is known to retrieve the information already obtained in the previous stage. The nature of memory plays a role in determining the quality of crime information retrieved. A person’s state of mind may fail to give the correct information pertaining to a crime. The retention time is used to define the time between crime perception and recalling. Statistically, a crime has a low retention time enjoys minimal false identification cases as opposed to that with a high retention time. A crime that had a retention time of 3 days produced perfect identification of criminals . A 5-months retention period crime yielded 35% misidentification cases (Sporer, 2006). The third stage involves the actual presentation of evidence. The information encoded by the brain is retrieved and presented before the legal staff through questioning and probing. The mode in which questions are asked influences the quality of testimony so obtained. The forensic psychologist becomes of importance since he/she can be able to relate the answers offered to the attitude and emotional state of the witness.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The evidence provided may also differ depending on the persons involved (Ogloff, 2000). It is factual that people’s judgment differs depending on situations. A person who breaks into a house to avert possibilities of a fire break out may be mistaken for a robber. Such a case must be handled with care in order to ensure that wrong conviction is not experienced. The contextual aspect of an occurrence should be understood before substantial information is presented in a court of law. The presentation of evidence before a court of a law is usually a defining moment for both the witness and the suspect. It is usual to observe cases where the witness wrongly convicts a person for a crime he/she did not commit (Saferstein, 2000). The fact that forensic psychology is subjective can lead to wrong incrimination. It is therefore important to ensure that forensic psychology corrects such anomalies long before a court of law gives its ruling. The forensic psychologists play some crucial r oles in ensuring that the court delivers a binding ruling. It is common phenomenon to observe suspects sent to psychiatric facilities for reasons of unsound mindedness (Saferstein, 2000). The competency of a suspect is crucial for any legal proceedings. The forensic psychologist should ensure that a suspect is competent by ensuring that he/she is medically fit at the time of trial. Health conditions that would deter effective trial should be identified early enough and corrective measures recommended. The sanity of the suspect is also evaluated by a court of law (Saferstein, 2000). The forensic psychologist is usually tasked with the duty of establishing the mental condition of the suspect at the time the crime was committed. It is usually at the discretion of the court to determine whether a person is sane or insane. The defense lawyers may plead ‘Not guilty’ if it is established that indeed the suspect was insane at the time the crime was done. However, the forensic p sychologist should not conclude that a suspect is of sound or unsound mind. He/she should critically examine the suspects past health records and information, behavior, attitudes and happenings (Ogloff, 2000). Information obtained during this period should not be incriminating at all. However, most cases have seen most suspects incriminated by the information obtained during competency and sanity evaluations. This information is later presented to the court for it to qualify the findings as whether the suspect was insane or not. It is at this point that the court can dismiss or proceed with the case. Most suspects have been known to fake or pretend to be having some mental illness (Ogloff, 2000). The forensic psychologist is usually able to ascertain such cases by closely examining the suspect under different environments. The report of whether a mental illness is genuine or fake helps to curb such cases. The suspect may find himself in greater problems once such a report works agai nst him/her. The nature of sentence delivered by a court of law is usually of importance to the forensic psychologist. A sentence that would otherwise impair the mental condition of the suspect may be negotiated by the forensic psychologist. Such negotiation that is aimed at mitigating the sentence offered depends on a number of factors. They include health history, family history and social history. Some people who suffer from mental conditions and have dependents may enjoy amnesty of the court if a comprehensive forensic psychology is carried out on them (Ogloff, 2000). It is therefore important that a track record of a suspect is properly documented by the forensic psychologist to ensure that a qualified and appropriate judgment is given. The forensic psychologist may be faced with the challenge of providing information regarding whether a suspect would change once subjected to a rehabilitation facility. Judgments that subject criminals to probation and parole hearings require th at forensic psychology reports indicate that the criminal is prone to positive change (Ogloff, 2000). The selection of the jury to proceed with the hearing and conviction of criminals also depends on the report of the forensic psychologist. Forensic psychology has been criticised for many reasons. The method is purely subjective as compared to other methods like DNA analysis. Forensic psychology is based on a collection of human observations, opinions and judgments (Ogloff, 2000). The differences in such among humans have led to misidentification and wrong conviction of suspects. Most criminal investigations have been known to take ages before legal proceedings are initiated. The human memory that is usually difficult to recall events after a long period of time may therefore be misleading. The psychology of human beings has been known to respond to different environments. A shocked person gives insufficient information compared to a happy person (Sporer, 2006). Legal proceedings th at are based on such information are unfair to suspects and may lead to unwarranted sentences. Forensic psychology can therefore not be used in isolation especially where trace evidence is required. The fact that criminal investigators can implicate a person cannot be ruled out. Insufficient evidence may lead to criminal incrimination due to hate or prejudice. It is for this reason that forensic psychology draws a great deal of criticism from the public. How can it ensure that substantial evidence is presented in court? How can the reliability of the information be ascertained? How can future crimes be averted through this method? All these concerns should be addressed to make forensic investigations fruitful. Information offered by witnesses should be backed by trace evidence such as finger prints and hair traces. Similarly, the reliability of the information provided by the witnesses should also be subjected to integrity tests. Truth does not contradict itself. A person telling th e truth can be distinguished from another giving a false testimony if both are subjected to the same questions repeatedly. The installation of surveillance cameras in public institutions has helped to avert criminal cases such as robbery. Crime has been there for a long time and what remains to be done is how the vice will transform itself in generations to come. Different approaches of identifying and dealing with the perpetrators of crime have been employed since time immemorial. The essay has discussed the use of forensic psychology as one of the many forensic procedures. A critical evaluation of the procedure has revealed that much has to be done if it is to be effective in providing evidence in a given court of law. Subjectivity of forensic psychology stands out as the most critical weakness and a lot must be done to enhance its reliability. References McCardell, E. (2001). Face Recognition: Cognitive and Computational Processes. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamin’s p ublishing Company. Melton, G. B. (2007). Bringing psychology to the legal system: Opportunities, obstacles, and efficacy. American Psychologist, 8 (4) Ogloff, J. R. P. (2000). Two steps forward and one step backward: The law and  psychology movement(s) in the 20th century. McGraw-Hill Plc. Otto, R. K. Heilbrun, K. (2002). The practice of forensic psychology: A look toward the future in light of the past. American Psychologist, 5 (7) Saferstein, R. (2000). Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science. New York: Prentice-Hall. Sporer, S. L. (2006). Introduction to Eyewitness Identification: Psychological Issues in  Eyewitness Identification. New Jersey, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. 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